Archives of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology

The last two decades were especially fruitful for the refractive surgeons and for the industry who have been showing tremendous development in both understanding and meeting patients’ desire for spectacle independence. Ever since the first trials from Dr. Kenneth Hoffer with his early 1980’s effort in producing a multifocal IOL to the latest achievements from different companies in putting trifocals and EDOF optics to the market.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare cancer that affects the choroid and, less frequently, the ciliary body or the iris (for recent reviews see [1-3]). Despite a profound knowledge of the oncogenic mechanisms behind UM tumorigenesis and despite an accurate cytogenetic and molecular prognosis, only limited advances have been made in UM therapy.

Many drugs are effective systemically, but slow onset of non-intravenous routes of administration may limit their clinical utility. While anesthesiologists usually have intravenous (IV) access for drug delivery, other healthcare professionals in less controlled situations such as acute crises in the emergency room, critical care settings, or urgent needs in the community, may need non-invasive drug delivery [1].

Functional proteomics of seminal plasma has been reviewed by Samanta and co-workers, highlighting greater biologic relevancy and diverse functions of this seminal component to reproductive biology than previously thought. Although not requested for successful fertilization, important biological functions are associated with seminal plasma and the authors suggested that selected proteins may serve as diagnostic biomarkers for various conditions.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was initially discovered as a cellular protein involved in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds. Recently, Kou and Dai [1] wrote a concise review on AHR, summarizing advances in several important areas of mammalian physiology including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, integumentary, nervous, and immunomodulatory systems. Given the importance of AHR and our increased understanding of its physiological roles, it is necessary to highlight a few key aspects of AhR in normal development and metabolic homeostasis that have not been extensively discussed.

The purpose of this document is to provide a unique white paper on the use of different anesthetic drugs and the key clinical pearls for ensuring patient safety in humans. This paper is designed to be a convenient guide that can be placed in work rooms for residents and medical school trainees to improve their learning and to provide reminders about drug-drug interactions.

Background and controlled electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on cells and tissues induces thermal, non-thermal, and dielectric property change. After EMR interaction with cells/tissues the resulting signal is used for imaging, bio-molecular response, and photo-biomodulation studies at infrared regime, and therapeutic use. We attempt to present a review of current literature with a focus to present compilation of published experimental results for each regime viz. microwave (extremely low frequency, ELF to 3 GHz), to cellular communication frequencies (100 kHz to 300 GHz), millimeter wave (300 GHz-1 THz), THz (1 THz-20THz) and the infra-red band extending up to 461 THz.

Here we present some new observations on early stages in chick corneal development obtained by re-mining of datasets obtained via serial block face scanning electron microscopy. We focus on matrix cords, proteoglycan-rich structures of apparent ectodermal origin, emerging from the epithelial basal lamina, which extend proximally into the growing collagenous matrix destined to become the corneal stroma.

It has been nearly 20 years since Girard first described the technique of placing a lens in the absence of capsular support [1]. Since that first report, numerous procedures have been described [2-9]. While the techniques have continued to evolve, little has been reported on refractive outcomes.

Injuries to the eye are a common cause of emergency department (ED) visits in the pediatric age group. There were nearly 14 million ED visits for traumatic injuries in children under age 5 in 2017 in the US, and most of these occurred at a private residence [1]. The highest number of pediatric ED visits for ocular injury were reported in children ages 1-5.

Enteric duplication cysts are rare congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract that can be found anywhere along the entire alimentary canal. Duplication cysts share a muscular layer with the adjacent bowel and contain their own mucosal lining which may be that of any part of the alimentary tract. 

This editorial is a trial to open future research in the importance of neurobiology of diseases. We think that the potential of having links between some diseases and brain has been previously indicated, but it may be still underestimated.Previous studies reported the axis of brain and heart, brain and intestine. The reality of the problem is not well addressed on molecular basis. In other words, it is not enough to think or point out to possible existence of such a link.

During an action observation (AO) and action execution, specific group of neural substrates are activated. They provide a neural mechanism for understanding the actions of others called as mirror neurons (MNs). They also carry out motor grounding, motion ersatz, language and emotion appreciation. Mirror neurons discharge not only throughout the self-experience of pain but also during the perception of other people’s pain.

Different computational models and new devices are under development, aiming to better comprehend and alter brain function. Ternary computating offers new approach by considering a third physiological state of the neuronal membrane: the refractory period (-1), in addition to resting potential state (0) and the action potential.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare and aggressive extranodal Non Hodgkin Lymphoma. Combined modality treatment with high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) followed by whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) has been a commonly used treatment approach.

Phakic intraocular lenses have been available as an option for the treatment of refractive errors in eyes whose corneal surgical procedures such as photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or small incision lenticule extraction (Smile) are formally contraindicated or unacceptable [1-3]. 

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are mesenchymal tumors which predominantly originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal in the intestinal lining. Around ~85% of malignant GISTs possess activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase receptors KIT or PDGFRA. The driver mutations in genes other than KIT or PDGFRA account for around 15% GISTs and belong to highly heterogeneous groups called wild-type GISTs. Around 20–40% of WT-GISTS are deficient for the succinate dehydrogenase complex (SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD). 

The human brain is a complex network of billions of neurons accompanied by astrocytes and microglia among others [1]. Neurons communicate via specialized sites of cell-cell contacts called synapses, where information is transmitted via the presynaptic release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles (SVs) [2]. Through the integration of information transmitted via large networks of neurons, complex tasks, such as learning, memory and various behaviors, are regulated.

The significant metastatic potential of uveal melanoma (UVM) lends to high mortality. Even with successful local tumor treatment, many patients will develop metastatic disease. The present study aims to elucidate the relationship between tumor-infiltrating immune cell (TIIC) diversity and survival to identify potential therapeutic targets and improve UVM prognosis.

The HLbC model, as proposed by the author, has been utilized to interpret the varied behaviors manifested by individuals with split-brains. This paper initially provides a succinct overview of the function of the corpus callosum, pivotal to discussions concerning split-brains, along with the distinctive behaviors demonstrated by subjects with split-brains. Subsequently, it elucidates the application of the HLbC model in interpreting the behavior of such individuals. Comparative analyses with normal brain function are then conducted.