Archives of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology

The last two decades were especially fruitful for the refractive surgeons and for the industry who have been showing tremendous development in both understanding and meeting patients’ desire for spectacle independence. Ever since the first trials from Dr. Kenneth Hoffer with his early 1980’s effort in producing a multifocal IOL to the latest achievements from different companies in putting trifocals and EDOF optics to the market.

Epidemiologic data show a high incidence of central nervous system (CNS) disease, which therefore is a prominent healthcare issue. Adults and the elderly are most commonly affected, with heavy repercussions on society and caregivers. The outcome of CNS disease, whether the etiology is vascular, degenerative or traumatic, is often significant disability or death. Motor, language and cognitive deficits are most prevalent, but vision is also frequently affected, in the form of visual field defects or oculomotor and binocular disorders. In the present paper, we discuss peripheral and central visual field defects.

A man in his 90s presented to clinic with a conjunctival lesion on the right eye noticed two months prior. The patient denied pain but endorsed worsening blurry vision. The patient’s past medical history was significant for skin cancer on the right ear removed 3 years ago, and a history of ocular surface lesion removal on one eye approximately 20 years ago that was negative for any neoplasia. Slit lamp photograph revealed a gelatinous and opalescent lesion suspicious for ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) and the high-resolution optical coherence tomography (HROCT) cut (arrow)

Adult neurons in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) fail to regenerate after injury due to a number of factors including the reduced intrinsic growth capacity together with the hostile environment of the injured CNS microenvironment [1-4]. However recent studies have shown that modifying the intrinsic growth capacity through a number of cell signalling pathways can promote regeneration of adult CNS neurons. For example, intrinsic factors such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the repressors phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) promote CNS axon regeneration [5-7]. 

Here we present some new observations on early stages in chick corneal development obtained by re-mining of datasets obtained via serial block face scanning electron microscopy. We focus on matrix cords, proteoglycan-rich structures of apparent ectodermal origin, emerging from the epithelial basal lamina, which extend proximally into the growing collagenous matrix destined to become the corneal stroma.

It has been nearly 20 years since Girard first described the technique of placing a lens in the absence of capsular support [1]. Since that first report, numerous procedures have been described [2-9]. While the techniques have continued to evolve, little has been reported on refractive outcomes.

Cystinosis is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder, characterised by the intra-lysosomal accumulation of cystine. Cystinosis results from a defect in the CTNS protein, a lysosomal transport protein for cystine. There are three subtypes of cystinosis: infantile nephropathic cystinosis, juvenile nephropathic cystinosis and ocular non-nephropathic cystinosis.

Gardner Syndrome is a phenotypic variant of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) characterized by extracolonic manifestations including pigmented ocular fundus lesions with malignant polyps in the large intestine. We present the case of a 41-year-old female with FAP, who presented with numerous congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium ocular lesions. 

Different computational models and new devices are under development, aiming to better comprehend and alter brain function. Ternary computating offers new approach by considering a third physiological state of the neuronal membrane: the refractory period (-1), in addition to resting potential state (0) and the action potential.

Phakic intraocular lenses have been available as an option for the treatment of refractive errors in eyes whose corneal surgical procedures such as photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or small incision lenticule extraction (Smile) are formally contraindicated or unacceptable [1-3]. 

Chemotherapy?induced neutropenia (CIN) can cause life-threatening complications such as febrile neutropenia (FN) or other infections. Patients who develop FN often require prolonged hospitalizations and treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics.

The human brain is a complex network of billions of neurons accompanied by astrocytes and microglia among others [1]. Neurons communicate via specialized sites of cell-cell contacts called synapses, where information is transmitted via the presynaptic release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles (SVs) [2]. Through the integration of information transmitted via large networks of neurons, complex tasks, such as learning, memory and various behaviors, are regulated.

Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) is a leading cause of lameness in broiler chickens, which results in financial losses due to mortality and reduced growth. Due to the nature of the condition, it raises animal welfare and food safety concerns as well. The pathology in the commercial setting is derived from a combination of weak bone and bacterial translocation and infection.

Interferons (IFNs) are a class of small immunological proteins that are secreted by infected cells during viral or bacterial infections to combat and prevent infection propagation [1]. They play important roles in triggering signal cascade processes inside the cell that activate other immune cells and limit viral multiplication.

n Iowa there has been an upward trend in the number of cases of Lyme disease. Due to this increase, it is important to understand the transmission pattern and the factors that play a role in the spread of this disease. Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, and is transmitted by Ixodes scapularis, within the United States. I. scapularis has a two-year life cycle that includes three life stages: larva, nymph, and adult, and requires a blood meal between each stage.

According to the literature, 80% of patients undergoing cataract surgery suffer from ocular surface disease (OSD). Along with postoperative refractive surprise, the onset of OSD is the main cause of dissatisfaction in cataract surgery patients, accounting for 35% of cases. These patients are characterized by persistent dysregulation of ocular surface para-inflammation, leading to chronic low- grade inflammation with significant consequences on daily activities and work productivity. This study aims to investigate the effects of topical desonide sodium phosphate 0.025% eye drops on the signs and symptoms of OSD in patients undergoing cataract surgery.

This commentary systematically examines the pivotal role of non-human primate (NHP) models in advancing gene therapy for optic nerve diseases, alongside the ethical and practical challenges they face. It highlights how synergistic innovations in artificial intelligence (AI), organoid technology, CRISPR-based gene editing, and novel delivery systems are reshaping translational paradigms.

The significance of contrast sensitivity (CS) in impacting real visual ability cannot be emphasized enough. In recent years, cataract surgeons and ophthalmologists globally have been focusing more on it. Visual acuity is no longer the sole measure of vision quality, especially in low-light conditions.

The scoping review titled "A Global Provision of Preventive Oral Health Measures for Children with Special Needs" provides a comprehensive exploration of the preventive oral health measures available for children with special health care needs (CSHCN) and the barriers to their implementation.

Women and girls continue to experience disproportionate HIV vulnerability across regions marked by deep-rooted gender inequality and economic insecurity. While biomedical advances have expanded prevention options, the structural determinants particularly poverty, economic dependence and limited financial autonomy remain under-addressed drivers of HIV risk.