The Neuroscience Chronicles

2025

Volume 5, Issue 1, p1-86

Articles published in this issue are Open Access and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY NC) where the readers can reuse, download, distribute the article in whole or part by mentioning proper credits to the authors.

Commentary Open Access

Mathematical proof of the equivalence between the HLbC model of consciousness and Bayesian inference in neural information processing

Shinichi Inage, Hana Hebishima

This paper presents a mathematical proof of the equivalence between the Human Language-based Consciousness (HLbC) model and Bayesian inference, exploring their connection within neural information processing. The HLbC model posits that consciousness emerges through a process involving the observation of external events, the matching of those events to past memories, unconscious action selection, and post-hoc recognition of actions as conscious decisions.

Neurosci Chron, 2025, Volume 5, Issue 1, p1-8 | DOI: 10.46439/Neuroscience.5.026

Commentary Open Access

A comprehensive metric for consciousness strength: Integrating real-time responsiveness and long-term learning based on the HLbC model

Shinichi Inage, Hana Hebishima

This paper presents a novel framework for measuring consciousness strength based on the Human Language-based Consciousness (HLbC) model. While Integrated Information Theory (IIT) quantifies consciousness via integrated information, the HLbC model views consciousness as a post-hoc process, emphasizing language and probabilistic decision-making.

Neurosci Chron, 2025, Volume 5, Issue 1, p9-15 | DOI: 10.46439/Neuroscience.5.027

Review Article Open Access

A novel musical neurofeedback

Neelima Chauhan

A systematic analysis of Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) documented by the World Health Organization (WHO) now includes alarming prevalence of neurological diseases (NDs) as the foremost leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Given limited effectiveness of current symptomatic management of NDs, clinical implementation of alternative therapies is gaining increasing recognition as the viable option(s) for treating NDs.

Neurosci Chron, 2025, Volume 5, Issue 1, p16-21 | DOI: 10.46439/Neuroscience.5.028

Review Article Open Access

Sex differences in neuroplasticity and Alzheimer’s disease: A comprehensive review

Rayan Grira

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, defined by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Yet, variability in disease onset and progression cannot be explained solely by pathology. Neuroplasticity, the brain’s ability to reorganize and adapt, is increasingly recognized as central to resilience in AD, with compelling evidence that it differs between sexes.

Neurosci Chron, 2025, Volume 5, Issue 1, p22-27 | DOI: 10.46439/Neuroscience.5.029

Review Article Open Access

Energetic principles of stable structure formation: A general framework for self-organization in complex systems

Shinichi Inage

We establish a rigorous mathematical framework for the spontaneous formation of stable structures through the universal principle of energy minimization in multi-interaction systems. Within this formulation, each subsystem contributes to a collective energy function E(x) composed of bounded, weakly nonlinear interaction terms.

Neurosci Chron, 2025, Volume 5, Issue 1, p28-40 | DOI: 10.46439/Neuroscience.5.030

Original Research Open Access

Raga-music intervention in verbal autistic children: A randomized controlled pilot study

Mihika Desai, Jagruti Bandhiya, Jyoti Nakum, Deepika Jain, Anand Iyer, Purva Gujar-Kale, Mahesh Kale, Neelima Chauhan

Autism spectrum disorder is a multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder with increasing prevalence worldwide. Given the heterogeneity of autism, it is highly unlikely to have a single effective therapy for autism. Adversities associated with current pharma-therapies in treating autism have prompted the emergence of alternative therapies including variety of behavioral and music interventions. Autistic children, who tend to show a strong preference for music, makes music therapy a promising intervention for autism.

Neurosci Chron, 2025, Volume 5, Issue 1, p41-60 | DOI: 10.46439/Neuroscience.5.031

Review Article Open Access

Emotion as a socially emergent structure: A formal information-theoretic model based on multi-agent interaction

Shinichi Inage

Emotion has traditionally been understood as a subjective experience intrinsic to individual agents. However, the emergence of multi-agent systems, including artificial intelligence, calls for a reconceptualization of emotion as a dynamic process grounded in interaction. This paper proposes the Interacting Processual Information-based Emotive Model (IPIEM), a formal framework that defines emotion not as an intrinsic qualia within a single agent—which is philosophically treated here as an empty set—but as a set-theoretic phenomenon emergent through inter-agent information exchange and social realization.

Neurosci Chron, 2025, Volume 5, Issue 1, p62-73 | DOI: 10.46439/Neuroscience.5.032

Review Article Open Access

Dietary exposure to neurotoxic mycotoxins in Cameroon: Implications for brain development and neurodevelopmental disorders in children

Wilfred Angie Abia, Laure Viviane Ndam Ngoungoure, Brice Vincent Ayissi Owona, Yacouba Foupouapouognigni, Ferdinand Kouoh Elombo, Herman Philipe Njitoyap Nfombouot, Angéle N. Tchana, Frédéric Nico Njayou, Paul F. Moundipa

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are increasingly prevalent in children globally, including Cameroon. Emerging evidence suggests that early-life exposure to environmental neurotoxins, particularly mycotoxins, may disrupt brain development and contribute to these disorders.

Neurosci Chron, 2025, Volume 5, Issue 1, p74-83 | DOI: 10.46439/Neuroscience.5.033

Editorial Open Access

From equivalence to quantification: the HLbC model as a unified framework for consciousness

Zhi Dong Zhou, Eng King Tan

The challenge of developing a unified, mathematically rigorous framework for consciousness remains central to neuroscience. Hereby two recent papers are discussed that advance the Human Language-based Consciousness (HLbC) model as a novel, testable alternative to existing theories.

Neurosci Chron, 2025, Volume 5, Issue 1, p84-86 | DOI: 10.46439/Neuroscience.5.034

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