Archives of Autoimmune Diseases

Proximal humerus fracture with simultaneous shoulder dislocation in children is a rare occurrence, with few reported cases. This systematic review of case reports aimed to document the outcomes of different treatment methods. A comprehensive literature search from 1980 to 2024 included case reports on traumatic shoulder fracture-dislocation in children. Eighteen studies were included, with a mean followup of 1.5 years. The cases comprised 7 boys and 11 girls, aged between 11 months and 16 years (median 6 years). The cases were divided into two groups based on epiphysealinvolvement.

Maintenance of neuroendocrine-immune homeostasis is tightly regulated by the active involvement of neural, endocrine and immune mediators. As age progresses, this bidirectional regulation losses its robustness due to the influence of several factors especially, gonadal hormones. Among the hormones, estrogen has gained significant attention due to its diverse effects as a potent modulator on the cellular and systemic level which influences both physiological and psychological functions.

Photovoltaic fields are deployed in multiple collector rows on horizontal and on sloped planes, therefore the second (and subsequent rows) sees the sky dome with a smaller angle than the first (front) row. A relatively large number of diffuse radiation models have been proposed based on isotropic and anisotropic models. The anisotropic models include circumsolar radiation and horizon brightening, and refer to single rows of collectors. The present article modifies the anisotropic models by two factors: (a) Sky view factor of a second row, depending on the collector and field parameters, (b) Modification to circumsolar brightening.

Spinal cord and nerves are best visualized by MRI, which is able to show structural and functional anomalies of the spine. The primary objective of this study is to identify advantages or disadvantages of the T1-weighted fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence with BLADE technique (T1W-FLAIR BLADE), with and without parallel imaging when compared with T1 Turbo Spin Echo (T1 TSE) sequence when performing MRI examination of the lumbar spine in a sagittal view. L-spine examinations with T1W-FLAIR BLADE (with and without parallel imaging) and T1 TSE were acquired on 44 patients using a 1.5T scanner. These sequences were assessed by two radiologists a) quantitatively by comparing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and relative contrast (ReCon) measurements and b) qualitatively based on different features of the images such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) nulling.

IL-16 is a pleiotropic, pro-inflammatory cytokine that induces regulatory CD4+ T cells to migrate to a site of inflammation or tissue damage. IL-16 is a ligand for CD4 and binds at the proximal, D4 region well outside of the binding site for MHC class II. 

Cervical spine involvement frequently occurs in patients with Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) even in absence of sacroiliitis. Long disease duration, high disease activity in the first five years and presence of peripheral involvement are all predictors of this peculiar articular involvement.

Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS), also known as Kinsbourne Syndrome, is a rare disorder affecting the central nervous system. It presents clinically with ataxia, diffuse or focal muscle spasms, and rapid, irregular eye movements.

The significance of KIR like natural killer cell receptors in autoimmune disorders was published by us in the year 2020 in a reputed journal “Clinical Immunology”. In this issue we have discussed the complex nature of autoimmune diseases revealing a multi-factorial etiology that involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors

Diabetes is a metabolic disease that compromises the integrity of multiple organs and systems including the nervous system. Not only does neurodegeneration occur in peripheral nerves of diabetic subjects but also in brain structures. Particularly, diabetes impairs olfactory functions which suggests the alteration of regions of the central nervous system related with olfaction, however, few studies have shed light on the mechanisms that cause these alterations.

Background: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition (EUS-TA) is a well-established diagnostic tool to obtain tissue from solid pancreatic masses, gastrointestinal subepithelial lesions, lymph nodes, liver as well as other neighboring organs. EUS-TA has proven to have a major clinical impact in diagnosis and staging, decreasing the need for invasive diagnostic procedures, such as thoracoscopy, mediastinoscopy, laparoscopy and open surgery.

Since Gershon and Kondo’s initial description of suppressor T cells as antigen-specific T cells that regulate immune responses [1], several advances have taken place on the biology and potential applications of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in clinical settings. After that, Sakaguchi et al. identified Treg cells capable of protecting lymphopenic mice against autoimmune disease produced by neonatal thymectomy [2], and Morrissey et al.

A key feature of chronic inflammatory disease is heterogeneity. For clinicians, this poses problems not only in disease diagnosis and assessment, but also in providing personalized disease management for the patients. There are at least two explanations for disease heterogeneity: First, different patient subgroups have different etiologies and subsequent pathways involvement, leading to a similar clinical outcome. Secondly, patients have similar etiologies but with different pathway modulations in patient subgroups, resulting in different degree of clinical outcome.

Recent research underscores the risk posed by plastic compounds to pediatric liver health. These compounds can permeate the maternal-fetal-child barrier through the placenta and breastfeeding, exposing fetus/child to potential harm during crucial developmental stages [1,2].

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that effects more than 1.3 million people in the United States. RA is an expensive disease that negatively impacts the patient’s quality of life. Inflammation of the synovial joints and destruction of articular cartilage and bones caused by RA can affect a patient’s ability to perform commonplace activities.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease of yet unknown etiology causing joint tenderness, swelling, destruction and premature death. Extraarticular manifestations such as cervical spine involvement, bursitis, tendovaginitis, rheumatoid nodules, rheumatoid vasculitis, pulmonary fibrosis, and accelerated atherosclerosis - to name a few – may occur.

Background: Osteoarthritis, a widespread highly painful oftentimes incapacitating joint disease continues to impose immense personal and societal challenges among adults of all ages, especially older adults.
Objective: This review aimed to describe the extent to which older adults with osteoarthritis may suffer excess disability, compared to healthy age-matched older adults, and why this is important to note and prevent in the context of the novel COVID-19 corona virus pandemic.

In “Family Strategies to Support Siblings of Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients”, we described the 10 strategies used by families to support siblings. One of the strategies was sharing information. Interestingly, only about one third of the parents (Fathers (7/21, 33.3%), and Mothers (8/20, 40%)) indicated that they shared information with the patient about the transplant decision while over half of the children (10/17, 59%) reported that information was shared with them. 

Ischemic stroke is the main cause of disability worldwide affecting around 6 million deaths per year. A cascade of events following the ischemic insult induce energy failure, excitotoxicity and release of inflammatory mediators that provoke cell death and brain injury. In this process, astrocytes undergo a change on gene expression that leads to reactive astrocytes.

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory skeletal and dermatological disease with heterogeneous clinical features and a strong relationship with spondyloarthritis group, sharing several genetic, clinical and radiographic characteristics and with a prevalence in the western country populations around 0.07-0.42.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune disease that is associated with local and systemic inflammation, resulting in chronic pain and physical function limitations that may negatively impact quality of life (QOL). Despite advances in pharmacological therapies, currently available treatment options may be associated with adverse events and come at a high price tag.