Archives of Autoimmune Diseases

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is central nervous system (CNS) based disease. It is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease [1]. The main causes for MS are genetic and environmental factors. It is a disease of young people (median age of onset is around 28 years) but is lifetime and is often disabling; 50% of patients need a cane to walk 15 years after disease onset; and Worldwide more than 2.5 Million persons are affected.

There is a striking likeness between an old model for the action of mobile genetic elements in Maize and recent observations on endogenous retroviruses in human Multiple Sclerosis. Nexø discussed this and other developments in his recent theory on autoimmunity. Specifically, in analogy to the onc genes Nexø suggest that insertion of a retrovirus activates a so-called aut gene. This aut gene may well be an EBV genome. 

Streptococcus pyogenes infection continues to be a worldwide public health problem causing various diseases in humans, including impetigo and oropharyngeal infections that are responsible for the development of rheumatic fever (RF), a multi-organ inflammatory disorder, Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is its major sequel that leads to heart valves lesions, clinically classified as regurgitation and/or stenosis.

Neural circuits' role in regulating neurogenesis within the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (LV) has been extensively studied over the past two decades. The dynamic interplay between neurons, neurotransmitters, and LV neural stem cells (NSCs) highlights the critical influence of neural circuits on NSC renewal, proliferation, and differentiation.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are mesenchymal tumors which predominantly originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal in the intestinal lining. Around ~85% of malignant GISTs possess activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase receptors KIT or PDGFRA. The driver mutations in genes other than KIT or PDGFRA account for around 15% GISTs and belong to highly heterogeneous groups called wild-type GISTs. Around 20–40% of WT-GISTS are deficient for the succinate dehydrogenase complex (SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD). 

CNS myelination is a well-known biological phenomenon related to increase in action potential conduction speed and synaptic integration. Demyelination or abnormal myelination has been related to seizures and epilepsy either in patients or animal models. Although its role in fastening action potential propagation has been confirmed, few additional biological functions of CNS myelin has been described.

Influenza A virus (IAV) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPn) are two major respiratory pathogens in humans. IAV infection alone is often self-limited, and SPn colonization can be found in 5-90% of healthy individuals, as normal flora [1,2].

Available targeted therapies for colorectal cancer (CRC) are limited. Immunotherapy offers new options for cancer treatment, but most of CRC are refractory to current immune checkpoint blockade, which indicates the possible presence of yet uncharacterized immune-suppressive mechanisms. Herein we report that high levels of Dickkopf-related protein 2 (DKK2) are expressed in human CRC tumors, and the DKK2 blockade caused stronger activation of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in ex vivo culture. A correlation of high DKK2 expression 

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multiorgan, systemic autoimmune disease that occurs more frequently in women than men and is typically diagnosed in women of reproductive age.

There are all transitions from hypoplasia of the lung to agenesis or aplasia of a lung lobe and to complete absence of the entire lung system as classifies such malformations as follows: a) unilateral complete absence of lung and bronchus, b) absence of one half of the lung and a short blind course of the associated bronchus, c) trunk bronchus formed, lung as a hazelnut- to fist-sized, unflap fist- sized, unlobed, fleshy structure in the mediastinum.

Gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma remains a fatal condition worldwide, ranking fifth in prevalence and fourth in mortality globally [1]. The treatment of advanced gastric cancer is currently stratified based on MSI (Microsatellite Instability) status and HER2 status.

This literature review examines evidence regarding pathogenesis of endometriosis-associated adenocarcinoma and focuses on the potential role of long, non-coding RNA molecules. The role of long non-coding RNA species is an area of active research and represents an opportunity for novel biomarker Identification to aid early diagnosis, risk stratification and post-operative disease monitoring.

The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy has significantly increased the longevity of people living with HIV infection. Consequently, the HIV patient population is maturing, and age-related diseases now have a much greater impact on their health and well-being than do HIV associated infections. Cigarette smoke exposure is highly prevalent in the HIV community and chronic smoke inhalation triggers the onset and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

The formation of new blood vessels, or angiogenesis, is a hallmark of cancer and one of the most important conditions for tumor growth. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most important factors in angiogenesis. Increased VEGF expression has been associated to rapid cancer progression and poor prognosis. 

Acne vulgaris, the most common skin condition worldwide, affects over 85% of adolescents, with nearly half continuing to experience it into adulthood. The Scarring and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation associated with acne can profoundly impact mental health and self-esteem, underscoring the importance of early and effective treatment [1].

Stress granules (SGs) are dynamic, membraneless organelles that assemble in response to cellular stress, such as oxidative stress, hypoxia, or nutrient deprivation [1,2]. Protein translation typically is halted under stress conditions, leading to assembly of SGs containing mRNAs, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), and other proteins.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment. One of the key pathological hallmarks of AD is the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ), a peptide derived from the sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases .

The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), comprising Survivin, Aurora B kinase, INCENP, and Borealin, is classically known for its essential functions during mitosis. However, recent findings expand the CPC's role beyond cell division, uncovering novel functions in replication stress response and genome stability maintenance.

Autoantibodies, generated by B lymphocytes following the breakdown of immune tolerance, are pathological immunoglobulins that erroneously target host tissues. Substantial evidence underscores their pivotal involvement in neurological pathologies linked to immune dysregulation. Given the escalating global burden of neurological disorders as leading contributors to morbidity and mortality, elucidating the mechanistic contributions of autoantibodies to these conditions remains a research imperative.

Tetraspanins associate with many proteins and are involved in numerous activities like the crosstalk between cells and matrix, tumor progression, angiogenesis, and hematopoiesis.