Journal of Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology

Gastrointestinal endoscopic procedure is routinely utilized for diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal abnormalities. The optimal positioning for this procedure is to offer the best operative access while minimizing potential risk to the patient. Changing the patient's position could improve the probabilities of successful endoscopy. However, each position carries some degrees of risk and this is applied in each procedure. Commonly approved positions include lateral, prone and supine. This article addresses the common patient positions used for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures.

We read with great interest the paper published by Jiang et al. [1]. They illustrated a case of cesarean scar molar pregnancy in which the patient complained of vaginal bleeding and amenorrhea, and the concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) increased abnormally and eventually recovered following comprehensive therapy including suction evacuation, uterine arterial embolization (UAE), and chemotherapy. 

Liver masses account for 5 to 6% of pediatric cancer, which includes hepatoblastoma (HBL) along with rare cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The most dangerous form of pediatric liver cancer is aggressive HBL, which can be characterized by chemo-resistance and multiple nodules or metastases at diagnosis, all correlating with worse clinical prognosis. Despite intensive studies and a significant improvement in overall outcomes, very little is known about the key molecular pathways which determine the aggressiveness of pediatric liver cancer.

Kinking of an epidural catheter is a rare complication associated with the catheter material, diameter, design and length of introduction inside the epidural space. Flushing test should be attempted before fixation of the catheter on the skin to ensure its normal function. If a kink located distal to the skin is suspected, a slight withdrawal could relieve the obstruction, but usually the complete withdrawal and new catheter placement is needed.

Irradiation is considered as one of the causes that may inhibit tooth development. Radiation exposure during the period of tooth development may result in impaired, delayed, or absolute failure to develop/eruption of the tooth. Radiation exposure at high dosage may also impair facial development in the pediatric population who had received radiation therapy for a malignant tumor in the head and neck region. Here we reported a case of Radiation-Induced Radicular Hypoplasia (RIRH) in a 19-year-old patient who received radiotherapy ten years ago for the Embryonal Rhabdo Myo Sarcoma of the soft palate.

Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the pillars of locally advanced head and neck cancer (HNSCC) treatment in combination with cisplatin or epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Despite a very high local tumor control rate, approximately 50% of patients with locally advanced disease will develop a recurrence.

Scalp psoriasis, a skin condition characterized by red, thickened (erythematous), well-demarcated patches or plaques with overlying silvery-white scales, affecting part or all of the scalp, is an autoimmune disease accompanied by itchy skin. The disease is associated with faulty functioning of adaptive and innate components of immune systems. The key pro- inflammatory cytokines mediating immunopathology of psoriasis are IL-17 and IL-23 which promote proliferation of Th 17 cells which in turn induce proliferation of keratinocytes leading to the disease.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness in the U.S. However, not much is known of underlying molecular mechanism and how oxidative stress contributes to its development. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of TGFβ signaling pathway on the effect of oxidative stress on VEGF secretion and viability of retinal cells. VEGF is the hallmark that exacerbates DR progression in prolonged diabetes. Some major concerns that have arisen are the underlying effects of antioxidants in elevating VEGF secretion in diabetes.

Gardner Syndrome is a phenotypic variant of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) characterized by extracolonic manifestations including pigmented ocular fundus lesions with malignant polyps in the large intestine. We present the case of a 41-year-old female with FAP, who presented with numerous congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium ocular lesions. 

In recent years, stress and stress-coping mechanisms constitute a growing public healthcare issue concerning modern society. Experiencing stress engenders a great complex mechanism named stress response, which consists of a rapid release of catecholamines by the sympathetic nervous system, followed by a slower response in which hormones, mainly glucocorticoids (GCs), are synthesized and released to the bloodstream.

Chemotherapy?induced neutropenia (CIN) can cause life-threatening complications such as febrile neutropenia (FN) or other infections. Patients who develop FN often require prolonged hospitalizations and treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Unicornuate uterus represents a congenital uterine anomaly, with an incidence of approximately 0.1%-0.4%. The discourse surrounding the administration of interstitial pregnancy persists as a subject of contention. This uncommon malady is on the rise in terms of frequency, encompassing approximately 2%-6.8% of all instances of ectopic gestations and comprising 2%-4% of tubal ectopic pregnancies.

A 30-year-old woman presented with 6-month history of blood-stained stools. The patient denied a family history of colon cancer. Examination was remarkable for blood-streaked stool.

Introduction: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is the most common disease of the stomach and duodenum, which affects daily life and is associated with Helicobacter pylori and drug-induced problems. PHD occurs due to increased aggressive factors (like HCl, gastrin, pepsin, etc.) and decreased protective factors (like mucosa secretion, and prostaglandin activity). According to recent research, up to 10% of the global population suffers with PUD. 

Background: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition (EUS-TA) is a well-established diagnostic tool to obtain tissue from solid pancreatic masses, gastrointestinal subepithelial lesions, lymph nodes, liver as well as other neighboring organs. EUS-TA has proven to have a major clinical impact in diagnosis and staging, decreasing the need for invasive diagnostic procedures, such as thoracoscopy, mediastinoscopy, laparoscopy and open surgery.

Histopathology, defined as study of diseased cells and tissues is the science dealing with the study of biopsies and tissues under the microscope to form a possible diagnosis based on the morphology of the cells and surrounding tissues [1].

Sickle cell disorder (SCD) remains a disease of public interest, accounting for a significant number of deaths, especially in low and middle-income countries in Africa. Despite years of intensive studies, its cure remains a subject of ongoing investigation.

Although essential metal ions are required in the body, neurotoxicity occurs when exposed to a concentration of metal that the body cannot accommodate. In the case of non-essential metals which are important in industry, these elements have the property of causing neurotoxicity even at small concentrations. When such neurotoxicity progresses chronically, it can contribute to various neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains the most common disease in premature newborns, associated with immature lung injury under the influence of supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation. “Classical BPD” is observed in premature newborns who have not received surfactant treatments. It is characterized by pulmonary fibrosis due to oxygen toxicity and volumetric/barometric trauma caused by mechanical ventilation. A new or "mild" form of BPD is observed in children born at 29 weeks of gestation, and is characterized by disordered pulmonary development due to prematurity.

Brain metastases are a feared complication of breast cancer, occurring in 15-25% of patients and being associated with poor prognosis and reduced quality of life. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an advanced technique that uses powerful magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed three-dimensional (3D) images of the brain's neuroanatomy and any potential pathology, especially in the management of brain metastases.