Substance use disorders continue to be major medical and social problems worldwide. The use of opiate has grown substantially over the past three decades reaching the dimensions of a global epidemic. Current drug treatments have many limitations: long treatment times, dependency on treatment medications, relapses after treatment, high costs of treatment, and non-adherence by affected persons. Most of the available drug treatments for opiate addiction belong to the opioid family. Some worry that the availability of the drugs may simply cause substituting one opioid medication for another.

The discovery of proper sensitizers for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment represents a significant breakthrough in the field of cancer therapy, but it is still in initial stage [1,2].

2021 marks the centenary of the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. In our review ‘100 Years of BCG Immunotherapy: From Cattle to COVID-19’, we highlight key milestones in the history of BCG, beginning from its discovery by Alfred Calmette and Camille Guérin to its present day use in tuberculosis (TB) prevention and as intravesical therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma remains a fatal condition worldwide, ranking fifth in prevalence and fourth in mortality globally [1]. The treatment of advanced gastric cancer is currently stratified based on MSI (Microsatellite Instability) status and HER2 status.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a catastrophic malignancy of the intrahepatic bile ducts and one of the neoplasms with incidence rates that have been rising faster than almost any other cancer. This steady increase combined with the high mortality rates underscore the fact that optimal management of iCCA remains a challenge. While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as single agents have elicited discouraging results in patients with iCCA, the combination of chemotherapy plus anti-PD-L1 blockade has recently