Articles

There is an emerging awareness in cancer biology that glycobiology plays a significant, if not decisive role in oncogenesis, tumor survival, and proliferation. The human glycome is even more complex than the human genome, because glycans are synthesized as secondary gene products by sequentially acting glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. Glycans act as a communication system within the organism and between different organisms.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects more than 40% of the adult population aged over 30 years in the United States, indicating a high prevalence [1]. It impairs the integrity of the tooth-supporting tissue with clinical manifestations featured of gingiva bleeding, periodontal ligament degradation, and alveolar bone resorption. Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease, involving interactions of bacterial pathogens, host immune responses and environmental factors such as smoking [2].

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a challenging condition marked by intense and often long-lasting pain, typically occurring in a limb following an injury. Traditional treatment approaches might not always offer significant pain relief, prompting the investigation of advanced treatments like Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS).

Apart from alcohol and other definitive factors, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a clinicalpathological syndrome characterized by hepatic steatosis and lipid accumulation.

Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are two of the most prominent and complex progressive neurological disorders that have a profound global impact. These diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide, causing significant morbidity and placing a substantial burden on healthcare systems and society. Despite considerable advancements in understanding these disorders over the years, developing effective treatments remains a complex and multifaceted challenge.

MPNSTs are aggressive Schwann cell-derived sarcomas, frequently associated with NF1 mutations. Traditional treatments, including surgery and chemotherapy, are largely ineffective, highlighting the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. NF1 loss leads to RAS pathway activation, which in turn activates multiple signaling cascades, including RAF-MEK-ERK1/2, PI3K-AKT, and RalGDS pathways. Inhibition of these pathways has been explored, with MEK inhibitors, such as selumetinib, showing some promise in clinical trials (NCT03433183).

Communication is essential to quality of life, linked to social interactions, employment, and independence. Verbal communication is judged using speech intelligibility, or how well a speaker is understood. When communication is negatively impacted it affects every aspect of an individual's life resulting in smaller social networks, fewer positive interactions, and higher levels of loneliness.

Presently, more than 10% of patients >70 years of age suffer from heart failure (HF). As the older population increases in numbers and also as a share of the total population, the prevalence of HF will increase [1,2]. Untreated, approximately 60-70% of these patients will die within 5 years [3,4].

Mental health issues affect a substantial portion of the patient population in primary health care (PHC) settings, constituting approximately 60% of cases (WHO/Wonca, 2008) [1]. These mental health disorders often complicate the management of chronic illnesses such as diabetes and hypertension [2]. 

ERA is a robust tool in environmental decision-making, offering a quantitative framework for risk assessment and management. By separating scientific analysis from policymaking, ERA ensures objective evaluations of ecological risks. Whether dealing with prospective risks or retrospective assessments of past environmental damage, ERA provides a means to balance ecological protection with economic and social considerations.

Currently, it is estimated that only a small percentage of asthmatic patients do not achieve adequate control of the disease despite maintaining high doses of inhaled corticosteroids and assuming that they have a correct adherence and inhalation technique. In fact, severe asthma currently accounts for 5-10% of all asthma cases and is often driven by type 2 inflammatory mediators.

Dobutamine is a synthetic catecholamine with activity on both alpha-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptors. It is used intravenously as an inotropic agent for short term treatment of heart failure. Dobutamine side effects involve usually cardiovascular system. Cutaneous side effects such as inflammation in the administration site following accidental extravasation could occur. Skin necrosis from intravenous soft tissue infiltration is a rare but serious complication of intravenous therapy. Herein we report a rare case of a local skin necrosis in dobutamine infusion site.

Chemotherapy remains a cornerstone of modern cancer treatment, yet its neurotoxic side effects can pose significant challenges. Peripheral nerve damage and the resulting pain not only affect patients’ quality of life but also contribute to substantial economic burden. Despite the medical need, a definitive curative treatment for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) remains elusive, leaving many patients reliant on analgesics for pain relief. The QUCIP study, a prospective, multi-center observational study spanning 36 weeks, has recently yielded data evaluating the effectiveness of up to three treatments with high-concentration (179 mg) capsaicin patch (HCCP) in 73 female patients with painful CIPN following neoadjuvant/adjuvant breast cancer therapy. 

Stress granules (SGs) are dynamic, membraneless organelles that assemble in response to cellular stress, such as oxidative stress, hypoxia, or nutrient deprivation [1,2]. Protein translation typically is halted under stress conditions, leading to assembly of SGs containing mRNAs, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), and other proteins.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common inherited metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Depending on the mode of inheritance, FH is mainly divided into two subtypes: heterozygous FH (HeFH) and heterozygous FH (HoFH). 

Parkinson’s disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by clinical features such as bradykinesia and resting tremor. It is characterized by specific neuropathological changes. These changes include the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta.

Continuous, non-invasive optical brain pulse monitoring (OBPM; Cyban Pty. Ltd., Melbourne, Australia) represents a significant advancement in the field of neurological monitoring. OBP monitoring uses red and infrared light sources to capture cardiac and respiratory waves from brain pulse waveforms, which reflect changes in both brain oxygen levels and brain movement.

Secukinumab, a human monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-17A (IL-17A), is widely used for treating immunoinflammatory disorders. While effective, drug-induced uveitis (DIU) is a rare but serious adverse effect associated with biologic medications like TNF-α inhibitors and more recently, IL-17 inhibitors such as secukinumab. We present a case of posterior uveitis in a 42-year-old male with AS who developed ocular symptoms two years after starting secukinumab.

Diabetic foot ulcers account for 70-80% of all ulcer cases, with this proportion rising to 21–27% in developing countries. The associated mortality rate ranges from 3.75% to 58.8%.

In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the scope of cancer treatment. Atezolizumab, is a humanized monoclonal antibody that specifically targets programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to block its interaction with PD-1 and B7-1 receptors, thereby reinstating T cell response.