Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are two of the most prominent and complex progressive neurological disorders that have a profound global impact [1,2]. These diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide, causing significant morbidity and placing a substantial burden on healthcare systems and society [3,6]. Despite considerable advancements in understanding these disorders over the years, developing effective treatments remains a complex and multifaceted challenge [7,8]. This editorial aims to comprehensively examine the current state of research and treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. By highlighting the areas of progress and the challenges that persist, we emphasize the critical need for advanced therapeutic strategies to address these debilitating conditions.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are both characterized by neuronal degeneration, although this occurs in distinct regions of the brain [9-11]. In AD, the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and tau protein tangles primarily affects memory and cognitive functions. The accumulation of these abnormal protein deposits in the brain interferes with the normal functioning of neurons, resulting in a progressive deterioration of cognitive functions, including memory, language, and problem-solving skills. Conversely, in PD, the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra impairs motor skills [12,13]. This results in symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. The degeneration of these specific neurons leads to a deficiency in dopamine, a neurotransmitter crucial for fluid and coordinated movement [14,15]. Notably, both AD and PD exhibit overlapping symptomatology, suggesting interconnected pathophysiological mechanisms. For instance, some patients with AD may also develop motor symptoms similar to those observed in PD, and vice versa. This overlap indicates that there may be common underlying factors contributing to the development and progression of these diseases, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction [16-18].

The recent decade has witnessed a significant increase in biomarker research aimed at the initial detection and monitoring of disease progression in AD and PD. Advanced imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have enabled researchers to identify changes in the brain years before the manifestation of symptoms. These imaging modalities can detect the presence of amyloid plaques, tau tangles, and dopamine deficits [19], providing valuable insights into the early stages of disease development. In addition to imaging biomarkers, fluid biomarkers have also emerged as efficacious tools for early detection. Biomarkers such as amyloid-beta and tau proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood can indicate the presence of AD and PD even before symptoms appear [20,21]. These biomarkers can also help monitor disease progression and response to treatment. Research has also focused on elucidating the genetic foundations of AD and PD. Studies have revealed numerous risk genes that increase the likelihood of developing these diseases. For example, the APOE ε4 allele is a well-established risk factor for AD [22], while mutations in the LRRK2 gene are associated with an increased risk of PD [23]. Understanding these genetic risk factors has presented new opportunities for targeted gene therapies.

Current treatments for AD and PD predominantly focus on symptom management rather than disease modification. In AD, cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are commonly used to maintain cognitive function [24,25]. These medications function by increasing the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain or inhibiting the breakdown of existing neurotransmitters. However, they do not halt the progression of the disease. Similarly, in PD, therapies mainly concentrate on replenishing dopamine levels. Medications such as levodopa and dopamine agonists can ameliorate motor symptoms, though they do not address the fundamental neurodegenerative process [26,27]. Furthermore, extended use of these medications can contribute to the development of adverse effects such as dyskinesias, which are characterized by abnormal involuntary movements, as well as inconsistencies in symptom control [28]. The development of disease-modifying therapies has been fraught with challenges. The complex and multifaceted nature of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease presents difficulties in identifying a singular treatment mechanism. These diseases involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, as well as multiple pathophysiological processes including protein misfolding, inflammation, and oxidative stress.

Recent years have witnessed promising advancements in immunotherapy approaches for neurodegenerative diseases. Immunotherapy aims to eliminate pathological proteins in the brain through immune system stimulation [29,30]. Clinical trials investigating vaccines against amyloid-beta and tau proteins in AD and alpha-synuclein in PD have demonstrated potential [31,32]. These vaccines function by eliciting an immune response against specific pathological proteins, resulting in their elimination from the brain. In addition to immunotherapy, stem cell therapy presents regenerative possibilities. Stem cells possess the capacity to differentiate into neurons and replace lost cells in the brain [33,34]. Ongoing research seeks to determine the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy in AD and PD. If successful, this approach could potentially restore neurological function and decelerate disease progression.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the field of neurodegenerative diseases. AI has the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy through the analysis of large volumes of medical data, including imaging scans and biomarker results. Machine learning models can identify patterns and predict disease progression and outcomes, thereby facilitating personalized treatment plans [35,36]. Digital health tools are also improving patients' quality of life. These tools can assist in medication management, and symptom monitoring, and provide support and education to patients and caregivers. For instance, wearable devices can track movement and activity levels, while mobile applications can aid patients in managing their medications and scheduling appointments [37,38].

Looking ahead, the integration of interdisciplinary research is imperative. Neurology, genetics, immunology, and computational sciences must collaborate to gain a deeper understanding of AD and PD. Collaborative international efforts and increased funding are essential to accelerate the pace of discovery and clinical applications. Public awareness and education regarding these diseases will also play a critical role. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment, and reducing stigma can encourage patients to seek assistance and participate in research [39,40]. By raising awareness about AD and PD, we can mobilize communities to support research and improve the lives of those affected.

Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases represent not only a significant challenge to the scientific community but also necessitate a reevaluation of approaches to mental health and elder care. As research continues to progress, there is optimism that the coming years will bring about breakthroughs that can transform the lives of those affected by neurodegenerative diseases. Through innovative therapeutic approaches, the integration of technology and AI, and increased public awareness, we can strive towards finding effective treatments and improving the quality of life for millions of individuals worldwide.