Living cell could be considered the most sophisticated anti-entropy machinery born in the heart of the strong and ferocious pro-entropy environment of the primordial ocean full of boiling and salty water, some thirty-eight hundred million years ago on this planet. Evolution of prokaryotes with a simple cell membrane to eukaryotes and later on multi-cellular organisms, has necessitated the birth and evolution of a protective microenvironment, which could shield and secure evolution of living organisms by its sophisticated anti-entropy components

There is an emerging awareness in cancer biology that glycobiology plays a significant, if not decisive role in oncogenesis, tumor survival, and proliferation. The human glycome is even more complex than the human genome, because glycans are synthesized as secondary gene products by sequentially acting glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. Glycans act as a communication system within the organism and between different organisms.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) also known as tumor stem cells (TSCs), are pivotal in cancer development and progression. They can be identified through specific markers and surface proteins (e.g., CD44, CD133) that differ from those on non-CSC tumor cells. As well high CSC levels often correlate with poor prognosis, aggressive disease, and resistance to conventional therapies. CSCs are more resistant to standard treatments like chemotherapy and radiation, leading to relapse and metastasis.