Rapid, accurate, and comprehensive assessment of hemostasis is of great importance in many clinical settings. Key hematological indices routinely assessed in bleeding patients or patients at risk for bleeding are coagulation function, platelets, and hematocrit. Current clotting assays are limited to a partial analysis of hemostasis (individual faceted clotting elements), thereby providing an incomplete assessment of bleeding and thrombotic risks and status.

In recent years, stress and stress-coping mechanisms constitute a growing public healthcare issue concerning modern society. Experiencing stress engenders a great complex mechanism named stress response, which consists of a rapid release of catecholamines by the sympathetic nervous system, followed by a slower response in which hormones, mainly glucocorticoids (GCs), are synthesized and released to the bloodstream.

A reactor microbial sensor device and a membrane microbial sensor device are low-cost and convenient analytical tools, which are useful for assessment of constitutiveness and inducibility of enzyme systems for transport and initial metabolism of substrate in microbial cells.

The skeletal system consists mostly of extracellular matrix and mineral salts. Osteoblasts and chondrocytes create enormous amounts of extracellular matrix proteins for skeletal systems to grow and sustain. Many skeletal metabolism related proteins are produced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and secrete outside cell membrane then form to extracellular oligometric matrix proteins and collagens.