Journal of Cellular and Molecular Immunology

Many drugs are effective systemically, but slow onset of non-intravenous routes of administration may limit their clinical utility. While anesthesiologists usually have intravenous (IV) access for drug delivery, other healthcare professionals in less controlled situations such as acute crises in the emergency room, critical care settings, or urgent needs in the community, may need non-invasive drug delivery [1].

As the field of immunology continues to unravel the complexities of immune responses and their intersection with therapeutic interventions, the emergence of innovative drug delivery systems has sparked new avenues of exploration. The original research on FericipXT-coated PEGylated rutile TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) in drug delivery has not only illuminated the realm of pharmaceutical science but also beckons the attention of immunologists, offering profound insights into the immunological implications of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems.

The design of safe drug delivery systems that locally allow efficacious concentration of curative molecules has become the latest frontier in nanomedicine. It usually relies on the entrapment of drugs into micro/nano carriers guaranteeing for the controlled release of the drugs while protecting them from degradation and fast clearance.

Leflunomide (LEF) is one of the most effective synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) which is widely prescribed for rheumatoid arthritis. But the safety issues of LEF makes its use compromised due to various side effects like hepatotoxicity, GIT disturbances, etc, and variable patient responses.