Breathing instruction in physiotherapy is considered an important skill for the assessment and intervention in diaphragmatic dysfunction associated with respiratory disorders. For respiratory physiotherapy, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of respiratory movements in the thorax and abdomen and to evaluate the laterality and difference in movements depending on the site.

The world is witnessing a rapid demographic shift towards an aging population. People are living longer due to advances in education, technology, medicine, food distribution, and sanitary conditions. According to the 2011 census data, Nepal had a total of 2,154,003 elderly 60 years and above which accounts for 8.1 percent of the total population of Nepal.

In prior work, we analyzed gene expression profiles of mouse, rat and human gastrocnemius muscles to identify conserved regulators of muscle aging processes. By further comparing data obtained from different muscles we found stronger conservation of aging-related factors at the level of molecular pathways than at the level of individual genes.

Aging is an inevitable biological process that significantly affects various organs, including the heart. Cardiac aging, with its associated structural and functional changes, can lead to left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, increased arterial stiffness, and reduced overall cardiac functional reserve [1,2].