Review articles are essential for the progress of science. Consequently, they need to be reliable. This is, however, not always the case, as shown by a review article dealing with the application of dry needling to the rehabilitation of patients with spasticity. This example and its follow-up show not only that various types of errors may occur in one single review article, but also that that not all medical authors feel themselves responsible for reliable information.

We read with interest the article by Yin et al analyzing the changing characteristic of gut microbiota of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). In the last ten years, gut microbiota has attracted a great deal of academic interest which was linked to the occurrence, the development and progression of various diseases, including enterovirus infection.

Scales are data collection tools that can measure characteristics such as knowledge, emotion, interest, perception, attitude, belief, disposition, risk, quality of life and behavior. The scale development process includes determining the theoretical foundations, creating the items, pilot study, validity and reliability analysis, and final implementation. In the stage of determining the theoretical foundations, the definitions of the construct that the scale wants to measure in the literature are examined and a conceptual framework is created. At the stage of creating the items, expert opinions are taken and their suitability in terms of language and meaning is evaluated.

The term “non-toxic” is widely used in consumer product labeling despite the absence of a formal scientific or regulatory definition. Contemporary toxicology recognizes that adverse biological effects depend on dose, duration of exposure, route of entry, genetic variability, and underlying molecular mechanisms.