Archives of Clinical Toxicology

The purpose of this document is to provide a unique white paper on the use of different anesthetic drugs and the key clinical pearls for ensuring patient safety in humans. This paper is designed to be a convenient guide that can be placed in work rooms for residents and medical school trainees to improve their learning and to provide reminders about drug-drug interactions.

Overcrowding is a growing problem that prevails in the urban areas of both developing and developed countries. It is considered as psycho-social stress that affects the behavior and physiology of individuals and societies [1]. 
Scientific awareness of overcrowding stress systematically started in the 1960s with the early experiments of John B. Calhoun using the so-called “rat utopia” and the theory of “behavioral sink” [2]. Depending on Calhoun’s experiments, connections between the model of rodent colonies and the arising problems of crowded cities were extrapolated [3].

The primary question of this short communication could be a paradoxical not scientific ‘’why’’. But why? Maybe because, in our modern world, more and more screening of drugs is done in the army, in big companies, in schools, on the road, and so on [1]. The original and logical consequence of this augmentation of screening affects results: indeed, the more we investigate to find drugs, the more we find drugs. Therefore, it appears interesting to wonder the reason why a screening of drugs is being done, for what purpose and moreover, in which samples, urine or only in blood samples. Foremost, remember, that in principle, to get a good answer, we always need to ask the right question.

Forensic and medical toxicology are the two sides of the same medal. Let’s understand this with this case. At seven o’clock in the morning, a young man is controlled by a police patrol because of erratic driving behavior. The police officer decides to do urine and blood analysis of the driver, who is brought to the hospital. The screening result of urine is positive for THC-COOH (the inactive metabolite of THC). In blood, the results indicate a concentration of 18 µg/l for THC (active substance of Cannabis), 13 µg/l for 11-OH-THC (the active metabolite of THC) and 170 µg/l for THC-COOH.

Despite the advancements of medical care and pharmaceutical technologies, unfortunately in recent decades, epidemiological surveys have identified that the population of cancer patients are indeed increasing in multiple regions. So, cancers go on threatening human health and life to a larger and larger extent. A series of special anti-cancer drugs are known as “targeted therapies”.  Those anti-cancer drugs work through blocking bioactivities of specific onco-gene or onco-protein so as to prevent the progressions of cancers.