Upper eyelid height is primarily determined by the actions of the levator palpebrae superioris and Muller’s muscle. Muller’s muscle, a smooth muscle with a predominance of α-1D adrenergic receptors, contracts in response to sympathetic stimulation or adrenergic agonists. Compounds such as apraclonidine, a medication with mixed α and α-1 receptor agonist properties, have been shown to reverse ptosis caused by Horner’s syndrome and botulinum toxin-induced ptosis, and to help assess blepharoptosis preoperatively.

Millions of couples around the world experience emotional, social, and financial hurdles due to infertility. Selenium, a nutrient that has recently gained significant attention, is often overlooked in discussions about reproductive health.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a disorder affecting cortisol biosynthesis in the adrenal cortex [1]. 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most frequent reason for CAH, with an incidence between 1:10.000 and 1:20.000 [2]. Due to the lack of enzyme function, patients with any enzyme deficiency cannot synthesize cortisol effectively. 

The adolescent and young adulthood frames of life offer a crucial window of opportunity for health promotion and disease prevention. At this stage, individuals are free from the influence of parents and take personal decisions on food choices and other lifestyle habits.