Here we present some new observations on early stages in chick corneal development obtained by re-mining of datasets obtained via serial block face scanning electron microscopy. We focus on matrix cords, proteoglycan-rich structures of apparent ectodermal origin, emerging from the epithelial basal lamina, which extend proximally into the growing collagenous matrix destined to become the corneal stroma.

It has been nearly 20 years since Girard first described the technique of placing a lens in the absence of capsular support [1]. Since that first report, numerous procedures have been described [2-9]. While the techniques have continued to evolve, little has been reported on refractive outcomes.

Phakic intraocular lenses have been available as an option for the treatment of refractive errors in eyes whose corneal surgical procedures such as photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or small incision lenticule extraction (Smile) are formally contraindicated or unacceptable [1-3]. 

Phacoemulsification has become the gold standard in cataract surgery due to its effectiveness and rapid visual recovery. Understanding the long-term factors influencing surgical success is critical, particularly in resource-limited settings.

The significance of contrast sensitivity (CS) in impacting real visual ability cannot be emphasized enough. In recent years, cataract surgeons and ophthalmologists globally have been focusing more on it. Visual acuity is no longer the sole measure of vision quality, especially in low-light conditions.