Introduction: Traumatic intracranial pseudoaneurysms (TICAs) and penetrating cerebrovascular injuries (PCVI) complicate gunshot wounds to the head (GSWH) and other forms of penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI). Recent developments in neuroimaging have allowed early detection of these lesions in the minutes and hours following the initial injury. CT angiography (CTA) and digitally subtracted angiography (DSA) have different sensitivity, periprocedural risks, and logistical limitations. Growing evidence is defining their role in clinical practice.

Pancreatic cancer, predominantly pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), remains one of the most lethal malignancies, characterized by late diagnosis, aggressive tumor biology, and profound resistance to conventional therapies. Despite advances in surgical techniques and combination chemotherapy regimens such as FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine-based therapies, survival outcomes remain poor, with five-year survival rates barely exceeding 10%. 

Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) is increasing worldwide and represents a biologically and clinically heterogeneous disease that requires precision approaches extending beyond conventional single-gene biomarkers. Recent analyses of receptor tyrosine kinase-RAS (RTK-RAS) pathway alterations demonstrate that their clinical significance is strongly dependent on age at diagnosis, ancestry, and treatment exposure. In particular, RTK-RAS alterations have been associated with unfavorable survival in untreated early-onset non-Hispanic White colorectal cancer, while an opposite association has been observed in FOLFOX-treated late-onset disease. 

Risk stratification for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) depends on postoperative mitotic index (MI), a histologic marker unavailable before surgery to guide neoadjuvant therapy and operative strategy. In 2020, Ren et al.