Journal of Biomed Research

Many drugs are effective systemically, but slow onset of non-intravenous routes of administration may limit their clinical utility. While anesthesiologists usually have intravenous (IV) access for drug delivery, other healthcare professionals in less controlled situations such as acute crises in the emergency room, critical care settings, or urgent needs in the community, may need non-invasive drug delivery [1].

NASA is on the verge of its second and most challenging phase of space exploration, returning to the Moon and then onto Mars. The proposed missions will be markedly different in nature from previous Apollo and ISS missions, which may result in many additional health concerns for astronauts. Astronauts will endure prolonged exposure to multiple fight stressors that may seriously impact their health. Prolonged exposure to microgravity is a greater health concern than for shorter duration flights, but NASA has spent decades developing approaches to minimize microgravity effects on astronauts that should be effective for deep space missions.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a well-established and accepted tool for simulation and prediction of complex physical phenomena e.g., in combustion, aerodynamics or blood circulation. Recently CFD has entered the medical field due to the readily available high computational power of current graphics processing units, GPUs. Efficient numerical codes, commercial or open source, are available now.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, is highly virulent and can be transmitted via respiratory droplets and close contact. Recent studies suggest that although viral load could be a poor predictor of disease, the concentration of the virus in the respiratory tract may be linked to contagiousness when coupled with significant co-variables factors such as nasal discharge and cough, hence impacting transmission.