Abstract
Hopelessness, helplessness and haplessness are concepts that are conceptually related to one another. In empirical studies, it is found that these concepts are associated with psychopathological traits, including suicidal ideation, as etiological or sustaining factors. It is suggested that studying these thoughts in clients is important for both prevention and treatment studies. The Hopelessness, Helplessness and Haplessness Scale (the HHH Scale) was developed to measure these constructs, and the findings of research on this scale are reviewed here.
Keywords
Hopelessness, Helplessness, Haplessness