Abstract
Significant dose and time-dependent changes in important blood parameters, such as hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, erythrocyte count, and leukocyte profile, have been found in recent studies on the hematological consequences of triclosan (TCS) exposure in Oreochromis niloticus. These changes, which are visible even at amounts that are relevant to the environment, point to anemia and immunological activation that are probably caused by oxidative stress and erythrocyte membrane damage. The relationship between TCS exposure and haematotoxin outcomes is strengthened by the study's robust design, which includes graded TCS concentrations and temporal sampling. From an ecotoxicological perspective, these results highlight the usefulness of O. niloticus as a bioindicator species for tracking aquatic contamination, with consequences for food safety, environmental health, and regulatory policy. To clarify the mechanistic routes of TCS toxicity and improve biomonitoring instruments for newly developing aquatic contaminants, future research combining molecular, histopathological, and field-based techniques is crucial.
Keywords
Hematology, Triclosan, Oreochromis niloticus, Biomarker, Toxicology