Journal of Cellular and Molecular Immunology

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive impairments that might be accompanied by declines in activities of daily living, neuropsychiatric disorders and a loss of motor function [1,2]. At present, the prevalence of dementia of Alzheimer’s type (DAT) is approximately 4% among elderly people [3]. With the increase in the aging the population, the number of individuals with DAT is still increasing.

A key feature of chronic inflammatory disease is heterogeneity. For clinicians, this poses problems not only in disease diagnosis and assessment, but also in providing personalized disease management for the patients. There are at least two explanations for disease heterogeneity: First, different patient subgroups have different etiologies and subsequent pathways involvement, leading to a similar clinical outcome. Secondly, patients have similar etiologies but with different pathway modulations in patient subgroups, resulting in different degree of clinical outcome.

Epigenetics is the study of heritable modifications to gene expression, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA modifications, that do not alter the nucleotide sequence of the corresponding gene. Recently, RNA modification has emerged as a novel research focus. We have detected over 170 different RNA modifications,  such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A), N7-methylguanosine (m7G), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), N1-methyladenosine (m1A), N3-methylcytosine (m3C), and pseudouridine (ψ).These modifications are important for biological processes like RNA metabolism and post-transcriptional regulation. 

The skeletal system consists mostly of extracellular matrix and mineral salts. Osteoblasts and chondrocytes create enormous amounts of extracellular matrix proteins for skeletal systems to grow and sustain. Many skeletal metabolism related proteins are produced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and secrete outside cell membrane then form to extracellular oligometric matrix proteins and collagens. 

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths [1]. However, significant improvements in the past decades have been achieved with improved outcomes [2-4]. Several mutations have been described as promoters of oncogenesis, and specific treatments are available, including those for Epidermal Growth Factor (EGFR) mutations [4].