Abstract
The methodology employed in this study demonstrates coherence through its integrative approach. Numerous reviews have thoroughly documented the impacts of various environmental stresses on plant physiology and morphology. In this context, the present review focuses on the effects of major abiotic stressors, drought, salinity, temperature extremes, light stress, heavy metals, and air pollution, on plant physiology and morphology, while also addressing selected biotic stresses. Our main goal is to compile current molecular and physiological insights that enhance plant resilience under these abiotic challenges, particularly with regard to genetic regulation, signaling pathways, and adaptive metabolic processes. By integrating transcriptomic, metabolomic, and genetic data, we explore how plants perceive and respond to stress, with particular emphasis on genetic tolerance factors. Beyond summarizing existing knowledge, this review critically synthesizes inconsistent findings across model and non-model species, evaluates the reliability of molecular markers under field conditions, and highlights emerging regulatory mechanisms, such as non-coding RNAs and epigenetic regulation, that offer untapped potential for crop improvement.
Keywords
ROS signaling, Gene networks, Abiotic stress, Biotic stress