Pterygia are a fibrovascular growth of the bulbar conjunctiva, with the potential to extend onto the cornea [1]. The prevalence can vary from 1-15% depending on patient geographic location, with risk factors including ageing and exposure to UV light [1]. Surgical excision is typically indicated if there is irritation, inflammation, reduced vision, encroachment of the visual axis, increasing astigmatism or due to cosmesis [2]. 

It has been nearly 20 years since Girard first described the technique of placing a lens in the absence of capsular support [1]. Since that first report, numerous procedures have been described [2-9]. While the techniques have continued to evolve, little has been reported on refractive outcomes.

The one conceptual key to improving newborn healthcare outcomes is thought to be bridging the access gap to care, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, recent studies have reported conflicting results relative to establishing a link between outcomes and access to care intervention programs.

The term “tandem spinal stenosis (TSS)” has been used to describe combined cervical and lumbar canal stenosis. We identified in our large series of cases that approximately 58% of cases with cervical canal stenosis were considered to be TSS, and 15% needed surgery for concurrent lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LCS) [1]. The simultaneous presence of thoracic canal stenosis and LCS is also frequently observed at a clinical site.

Plasma cell myeloma is a hematopoietic neoplasm with morphologic and genetic heterogeneity. Genetics have been shown to play an important role in risk stratification of plasma cell myeloma however the correlation between genetic aberrations and morphologic features is not well studied. In performing a systematic study of 266 multiple myeloma bone marrow biopsies from 329 patients, we initially investigated the association between bone marrow morphology, conventional cytogenetics, gene expression profiling and gene mutations