Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common and potentially devastating eye disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Among the two major subtypes of AMD, the wet form poses a significant threat to vision due to the development of choroidal neovascularization and subsequent retinal damage. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape for wet AMD, particularly with the advent of ranibizumab, a widely used monoclonal antibody targeting VEGF-A. The incidence of wet AMD has been steadily increasing with the ageing population, leading to a growing public health concern. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of effective treatment are critical to preserving vision and preventing disease progression. The introduction of anti-VEGF agents, particularly ranibizumab, has significantly improved visual outcomes for many patients, leading to a reduction in severe visual loss and stabilizing or even improvement in visual acuity.

The formation of new blood vessels, or angiogenesis, is a hallmark of cancer and one of the most important conditions for tumor growth. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most important factors in angiogenesis. Increased VEGF expression has been associated to rapid cancer progression and poor prognosis.