Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) has a complex history that has led to misunderstanding and confusion from physicians. We review the history of TOS to better understand where this confusion comes from.

HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver blood tests and low platelets) is a serious complication in pregnancy characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count occurring in 0.2 to 0.6% of all pregnancies and in 10–20% of cases with severe preeclampsia

Sanfilippo Syndrome Type-B remains an untreatable childhood neurodegenerative disease with great burden for both patient and caregiver. Very few clinical trials have been undertaken to treat the disease, and none of these have yet yielded clinically obtainable products for patients. Caused by a simple enzyme function deficiency, Sanfilippo Syndrome Type-B has been considered a great prospect for gene-therapy interventions.

Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS), also known as Kinsbourne Syndrome, is a rare disorder affecting the central nervous system. It presents clinically with ataxia, diffuse or focal muscle spasms, and rapid, irregular eye movements.

Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome (WHS, OMIM 194190) is a rare congenital malformation syndrome caused by a partial deletion of the short arm (p) of chromosome 4. It is characterized by “Greek warrior helmet” facies, central nervous system disorders including seizures and structural defects, and intrauterine growth restriction, among numerous other systemic anomalies.