Maintenance of neuroendocrine-immune homeostasis is tightly regulated by the active involvement of neural, endocrine and immune mediators. As age progresses, this bidirectional regulation losses its robustness due to the influence of several factors especially, gonadal hormones. Among the hormones, estrogen has gained significant attention due to its diverse effects as a potent modulator on the cellular and systemic level which influences both physiological and psychological functions.

Streptococcus pyogenes infection continues to be a worldwide public health problem causing various diseases in humans, including impetigo and oropharyngeal infections that are responsible for the development of rheumatic fever (RF), a multi-organ inflammatory disorder, Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is its major sequel that leads to heart valves lesions, clinically classified as regurgitation and/or stenosis.

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are occasionally associated with autoimmune manifestations. The prevalence of positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) in patients with JAK2V617F mutation is not yet known.

The significance of KIR like natural killer cell receptors in autoimmune disorders was published by us in the year 2020 in a reputed journal “Clinical Immunology”. In this issue we have discussed the complex nature of autoimmune diseases revealing a multi-factorial etiology that involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors

Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta syndrome (APDS) is a rare syndrome of immune dysregulation that is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and results in varying severity of the clinical phenotype. APDS is a result of a gain-of-function mutation in the gene PIK3CD, which codes for a catalytic subunit of the PI3K-Delta kinase.