Different computational models and new devices are under development, aiming to better comprehend and alter brain function. Ternary computating offers new approach by considering a third physiological state of the neuronal membrane: the refractory period (-1), in addition to resting potential state (0) and the action potential.

The human brain is a complex network of billions of neurons accompanied by astrocytes and microglia among others [1]. Neurons communicate via specialized sites of cell-cell contacts called synapses, where information is transmitted via the presynaptic release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles (SVs) [2]. Through the integration of information transmitted via large networks of neurons, complex tasks, such as learning, memory and various behaviors, are regulated.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) continues to be an important cause of long-term neurologic disability among newborn infants. The estimated incidence ranges from 2-3/1000 live births in developed countries, to as high as 10-20/1000 in developing countries [1]. Affected infants who survive are at a 25% risk for cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and cognitive deficits and may require lifelong medical care.

Pain after breast cancer surgery or Postmastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) is a well-recognized problem associated with functional impairment. It is defined as pain on the anterior or lateral region of thorax, axilla and/or medial upper arm after surgery without infection or tumor recurrence. 

Background: Osteoarthritis, a widespread highly painful oftentimes incapacitating joint disease continues to impose immense personal and societal challenges among adults of all ages, especially older adults.
Objective: This review aimed to describe the extent to which older adults with osteoarthritis may suffer excess disability, compared to healthy age-matched older adults, and why this is important to note and prevent in the context of the novel COVID-19 corona virus pandemic.