Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare and aggressive extranodal Non Hodgkin Lymphoma. Combined modality treatment with high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) followed by whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) has been a commonly used treatment approach.

Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (p-FGID) comprise one of the most common chronic conditions impacting global health. Conceptualized as gut-brain communication disorders, p-FGID are often exacerbated by and contribute to significant anxiety as well as functional impairment. Cognitive behavioral therapy is the gold standard psychosocial treatment for anxiety spectrum disorders. 

Since Gershon and Kondo’s initial description of suppressor T cells as antigen-specific T cells that regulate immune responses [1], several advances have taken place on the biology and potential applications of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in clinical settings. After that, Sakaguchi et al. identified Treg cells capable of protecting lymphopenic mice against autoimmune disease produced by neonatal thymectomy [2], and Morrissey et al.

A key feature of chronic inflammatory disease is heterogeneity. For clinicians, this poses problems not only in disease diagnosis and assessment, but also in providing personalized disease management for the patients. There are at least two explanations for disease heterogeneity: First, different patient subgroups have different etiologies and subsequent pathways involvement, leading to a similar clinical outcome. Secondly, patients have similar etiologies but with different pathway modulations in patient subgroups, resulting in different degree of clinical outcome.

Numerous animal studies have shown that the decrease in the tissue Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) levels during aging are closely related to age-related physiological decline and that the administration of NAD+ precursors restore NAD+ levels and promotes health and prolongs lifespan. Therefore, in order to demonstrate whether NAD+ supplementation by NAD+ precursors mitigate age-related physiological dysfunction including muscle weakness in older men. We conducted a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study in which Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) was administered to healthy older men for 12 weeks.