The protection of health care workers from nosocomial infection is a paramount consideration in the current pandemic involving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Not only is prevention of viral transmission the most effective means to lessen the public health impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but also both quarantine and illness – that disproportionately affect health care workers – have devastating effects on the ability of hospitals to adequately care for increased patient loads.

Functional proteomics of seminal plasma has been reviewed by Samanta and co-workers, highlighting greater biologic relevancy and diverse functions of this seminal component to reproductive biology than previously thought. Although not requested for successful fertilization, important biological functions are associated with seminal plasma and the authors suggested that selected proteins may serve as diagnostic biomarkers for various conditions.

Adult neurons in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) fail to regenerate after injury due to a number of factors including the reduced intrinsic growth capacity together with the hostile environment of the injured CNS microenvironment [1-4]. However recent studies have shown that modifying the intrinsic growth capacity through a number of cell signalling pathways can promote regeneration of adult CNS neurons. For example, intrinsic factors such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the repressors phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) promote CNS axon regeneration [5-7]. 

Within human tissue, oxygen concentrations are considerably less than the 21% O2 concentrations found in ambient air and is termed physiological hypoxia. Typically, the partial pressure of oxygen
(pO2) of human tissue lies between 1% and 14%, with considerable local and regional variations

Today, both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus affect 33.3 million people in the United States and nearly 500 million adults worldwide, and there is concern that this number may increase steadily in the future. Previous studies have linked the development of type 2 diabetes to multiple lifestyle factors, including physical activity level and diet, and biological characteristics, such as body composition, age, and race; however, current research suggests that gender may also have an impact on one’s risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Variations in type 2 diabetes diagnosis, prevalence, and progression have been found between males and females.