Overcrowding is a growing problem that prevails in the urban areas of both developing and developed countries. It is considered as psycho-social stress that affects the behavior and physiology of individuals and societies [1]. 
Scientific awareness of overcrowding stress systematically started in the 1960s with the early experiments of John B. Calhoun using the so-called “rat utopia” and the theory of “behavioral sink” [2]. Depending on Calhoun’s experiments, connections between the model of rodent colonies and the arising problems of crowded cities were extrapolated [3].

Patients undergoing Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo HSCT) can develop late complications that limit their functioning and reduce their quality of life. This phase requires nursing-specific knowledge for care plans that can meet the patient’s real needs. For this reason, the purpose of this review is to compile the data available in the literature on late complications present in the follow-up of pediatric and adolescent patients after allo HSCT.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a disorder affecting cortisol biosynthesis in the adrenal cortex [1]. 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most frequent reason for CAH, with an incidence between 1:10.000 and 1:20.000 [2]. Due to the lack of enzyme function, patients with any enzyme deficiency cannot synthesize cortisol effectively. 

The onset of menstruation is a landmark event in women’s life which is known to bring many psychological and emotional changes along with physical changes. In many countries, particularly in developing and emerging countries, such as India, it also brings various challenges for women to manage menstruation hygienically. Studies have often highlighted several well-known practical and physical barriers to Menstrual Health and Hygiene Management (MHHM); e.g., lack of WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) facilities, lack of affordable menstrual absorbents, and so on. However, there are also some psychological and emotional barriers; such as, trauma of menarche, feelings of embarrassment, stress, anxiety, and shame.

Augmentation cystoplasty (AC) is a surgical procedure for patients with refractory neurogenic bladder (NB). This study aimed to evaluate urinary incontinence (UI), vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), and urodynamic parameters in patients’ post-AC and compare these results to preoperative data.