Cervical spine involvement frequently occurs in patients with Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) even in absence of sacroiliitis. Long disease duration, high disease activity in the first five years and presence of peripheral involvement are all predictors of this peculiar articular involvement.

A key feature of chronic inflammatory disease is heterogeneity. For clinicians, this poses problems not only in disease diagnosis and assessment, but also in providing personalized disease management for the patients. There are at least two explanations for disease heterogeneity: First, different patient subgroups have different etiologies and subsequent pathways involvement, leading to a similar clinical outcome. Secondly, patients have similar etiologies but with different pathway modulations in patient subgroups, resulting in different degree of clinical outcome.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that effects more than 1.3 million people in the United States. RA is an expensive disease that negatively impacts the patient’s quality of life. Inflammation of the synovial joints and destruction of articular cartilage and bones caused by RA can affect a patient’s ability to perform commonplace activities.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease of yet unknown etiology causing joint tenderness, swelling, destruction and premature death. Extraarticular manifestations such as cervical spine involvement, bursitis, tendovaginitis, rheumatoid nodules, rheumatoid vasculitis, pulmonary fibrosis, and accelerated atherosclerosis - to name a few – may occur.

Background: Osteoarthritis, a widespread highly painful oftentimes incapacitating joint disease continues to impose immense personal and societal challenges among adults of all ages, especially older adults.
Objective: This review aimed to describe the extent to which older adults with osteoarthritis may suffer excess disability, compared to healthy age-matched older adults, and why this is important to note and prevent in the context of the novel COVID-19 corona virus pandemic.