International Journal of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases

Myocardial ischemia with multifactorial pathogenesis is frequently noted in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Coronary artery fistulas (CAF) may be found in HCM but their contribution to myocardial ischemia has not been studied. From 1984 to 2022, 43 patients with HCM and CAF (age 6–82 years, mean 58; 58% male; 77% apical variant; 12% obstructive) were reported in medical literature. Single and multiple CAF were reported in 24 (56%) and 19 (44%), respectively. Overall, a total of 70 major epicardial coronary arteries were affected. 

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the leading causes of mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA); however, access to sustainable cardiac care remains limited. The reliance on short-term medical mission-based interventions has not addressed the critical workforce and infrastructure gaps in the region. 

Hyponatremia, defined as a serum sodium concentration below 135 mmol/L, is the most frequent electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized patients and is particularly prevalent among those with heart failure (HF). It affects 15–30% of HF admissions and reflects advanced disease characterized by persistent congestion, heightened neurohormonal activation, and impaired renal water handling.

Introduction: Iron deficiency (ID), prevalent in 10.6% of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) patients, has been linked to poorer clinical outcomes. The existing literature have provided insight into long-term impacts of the association, but the in-hospital outcomes remain unexplored. This study utilizes data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) to bridge this gap.

Myocardial ischemia is a frequent finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) potentially resulting from microvascular dysfunction, extravascular compression, reduced coronary flow reserve, hemodynamic abnormalities, or concomitant atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). From June 1991 to October 2024, 40 congenital coronary artery anomalies (CCAA) were reported in 30 adults with HCM [age 18–87 (47.6 ± 19.7); 60% male; 37% obstructive; 20% apical variant].

The exercise heart rate (HR)/oxygen uptake (VO₂) relationship, expressed as beats/metabolic equivalent (MET), represents chronotropic efficiency (CE), a widely cited “normal value” ~10 beats/MET. This analysis examined the range of beats/MET values observed at peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in patients with and without heart failure and the impact of superimposed atrial fibrillation (AF) versus sinus rhythm (SR).

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a significant health issue in the United States. Siddiqui and colleagues recently published a manuscript titled “Gender disparities in coronary artery disease: a review of factors influencing clinical outcomes,” which excellently describes the current state of affairs and outcomes of CAD between men and women.

Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common inherited cardiac disease occurring in approximately 1 in 500 adults worldwide, characterized by left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, symptoms of heart failure, and increased risk of sudden cardiac death.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and mental disorders represent two of the most prevalent causes of global disability, contributing significantly to the escalating economic burden and high mortality rates worldwide [1–6]. Physical activity (PA) has emerged as a critical non-pharmacological intervention with a profound positive impact on both domains.