International Journal of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases

Histological analysis of fluorescently labeled tissues has been a critical tool to understand molecular organization in situ. However, assessing molecular structures within large cells and in the context of human organ anatomy has been challenging because it requires penetration of staining reagents and light deep into opaque tissues, while also conforming to the spatial constraints of high-resolution objective lenses.

GMA301 is a novel antagonistic antibody in clinical development. GMA301 targets human endothelin receptor A (ETA), a proven therapeutic target for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).

The ongoing global Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic has enormous social and economic impact. COVID19 is caused by the Coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is characterized by a high transmission rate and increased mortality from acute respiratory distress syndrome compared to other viruses.

A two herbs formula has been successfully used as a cardiovascular supplement (tonic) to maintain a healthy vascular endothelial state in four groups of patients presenting with different symptom manifestations: coronary obstruction; hypertension; menopausal cardiovascular instability; and peripheral arterial disease. 

The use of administrative databases to determine predictors for heart failure (HF) readmission, cardiovascular, or all-cause mortality (ACM) requires HF coding that is verifiable. It is assumed that administrative databases have HF verified via coders based on physician documentation and additional criteria.

In the early phases of the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) the emphasis of diagnosis and treatment was on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Hiatal hernia is not an uncommon condition. Due to inconsistent definition in the literature, the reported prevalence varies widely between 15- 50%. The condition is symptomatic in only 9% of the cases, especially with advancing age [1].

Since introduced for the first time in 1975 by Riahi et al, delayed sternal closure (DSC) remains a commonly utilized strategy in congenital heart surgery (CHS) for patients with anticipated hemodynamic instability based upon complexity of the performed procedure or in patients who exhibit instability during surgery [1].

With over 17 million deaths per year, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide [1]. For heart disease survivors, rehabilitation is recommended to reduce cardiac mortality risk. Phase two cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a comprehensive outpatient therapy focused heavily on aerobic exercise.

Cardiovascular disease is a significant contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide and is the leading cause of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the United States of America, accounting for approximately 25% of maternal deaths from 2008-2017.

The coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP), also known as cardiac syndrome Y, is relatively common in patients scheduled for coronary angiography. The incidence varies from 1% to 5.5% [1-4]. Since its original description by Tambe in 1972 [5], it has garnered intensive attention among interventional cardiologists.

Cardiovascular disease, which includes coronary heart disease, hypertension and stroke, is the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality in older women.Cardiac rehabilitation is pivotal in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, in that it lowers cardiovascular risk and mortality.

As the Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is prevalent in the recent decades, In-Stent Coronary chronic Total Occlusion (IS-CTO) has become a frequently met lesion in daily PCI procedure. It is estimated IS-CTO PCI accounts for 5-25% of all CTO [1].

The ATPCI (efficAcy and safety of Trimetazidine in patients with angina pectoris treated by Percutaneous Coronary Intervention) study reported similar primary outcomes between trimetazidine and placebo groups in patients with angina who recently had a percutaneous coronary intervention, but the results of this study reconfirmed the safety of trimetazidine.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been placing enormous pressure on global healthcare systems. Considerable resource allocation to the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, although fully inevitable, originated remarkable constraints in the access of patients with other diseases – in fact, elective admissions and nonurgent procedures or interventions were mostly canceled or deferred worldwide.

COVID-19 mainly affects the respiratory system; however, cardiovascular complication is not uncommon. Given the high mortality of COVID-19, it is mandatory to understand the pathogenesis and the mechanism of how it attacks the cardiovascular system. Pre-existing cardiovascular diseases have shown higher morbidity and mortality among COVID-19 patients.

Heart failure is a growing pandemic affecting approximately 6.2 million people in the US and 15 million people worldwide. Given its prevalence, high morbidity and mortality, and financial burden on our healthcare system, establishing strategies focused on improving therapeutic outcomes and prognosis has become a major priority.

Coronary artery calcification is an independent cardiovascular risk factor, influenced by patient demographics and older age [1-3]. Optimal stent expansion is limited by poorly modified calcified coronary lesions resulting in increased risk of in-stent restenosis and stent thrombosis [4].

Salt sensitive hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, heart failure, and end-stage renal disease [1]. The development of salt sensitive hypertension is involved in genetic and environmental factors. Excessive dietary salt intake is known as a main risk factor and one of the most important environmental determinants, exacerbates the salt sensitive hypertension by a renal redox metabolism [2,3].

Hypertension is one of the major important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. It is the largest cause of death worldwide, accounting for 10.8 million deaths per year [1,2]. Globally, 1.39 billion people had hypertension, and one-third of adults have the condition.